Merge potential next release v0.4 (#187) Breaking Changes

* First draft of the new n-dimensional arrays + NB use case
* Improves default implementation of multiple Array methods
* Refactors tree methods
* Adds matrix decomposition routines
* Adds matrix decomposition methods to ndarray and nalgebra bindings
* Refactoring + linear regression now uses array2
* Ridge & Linear regression
* LBFGS optimizer & logistic regression
* LBFGS optimizer & logistic regression
* Changes linear methods, metrics and model selection methods to new n-dimensional arrays
* Switches KNN and clustering algorithms to new n-d array layer
* Refactors distance metrics
* Optimizes knn and clustering methods
* Refactors metrics module
* Switches decomposition methods to n-dimensional arrays
* Linalg refactoring - cleanup rng merge (#172)
* Remove legacy DenseMatrix and BaseMatrix implementation. Port the new Number, FloatNumber and Array implementation into module structure.
* Exclude AUC metrics. Needs reimplementation
* Improve developers walkthrough

New traits system in place at `src/numbers` and `src/linalg`
Co-authored-by: Lorenzo <tunedconsulting@gmail.com>

* Provide SupervisedEstimator with a constructor to avoid explicit dynamical box allocation in 'cross_validate' and 'cross_validate_predict' as required by the use of 'dyn' as per Rust 2021
* Implement getters to use as_ref() in src/neighbors
* Implement getters to use as_ref() in src/naive_bayes
* Implement getters to use as_ref() in src/linear
* Add Clone to src/naive_bayes
* Change signature for cross_validate and other model_selection functions to abide to use of dyn in Rust 2021
* Implement ndarray-bindings. Remove FloatNumber from implementations
* Drop nalgebra-bindings support (as decided in conf-call to go for ndarray)
* Remove benches. Benches will have their own repo at smartcore-benches
* Implement SVC
* Implement SVC serialization. Move search parameters in dedicated module
* Implement SVR. Definitely too slow
* Fix compilation issues for wasm (#202)

Co-authored-by: Luis Moreno <morenol@users.noreply.github.com>
* Fix tests (#203)

* Port linalg/traits/stats.rs
* Improve methods naming
* Improve Display for DenseMatrix

Co-authored-by: Montana Low <montanalow@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: VolodymyrOrlov <volodymyr.orlov@gmail.com>

src/metrics/distance/hamming.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+//! # Hamming Distance
+//!
+//! Hamming Distance measures the similarity between two integer-valued vectors of the same length.
+//! Given two vectors \\( x \in ℝ^n \\), \\( y \in ℝ^n \\) the hamming distance between \\( x \\) and \\( y \\), \\( d(x, y) \\), is the number of places where \\( x \\) and \\( y \\) differ.
+//!
+//! Example:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use smartcore::metrics::distance::Distance;
+//! use smartcore::metrics::distance::hamming::Hamming;
+//!
+//! let a = vec![1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1];
+//! let b = vec![1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1];
+//!
+//! let h: f64 = Hamming::new().distance(&a, &b);
+//!
+//! ```
+//!
+//! <script src="https://polyfill.io/v3/polyfill.min.js?features=es6"></script>
+//! <script id="MathJax-script" async src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script>
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use super::Distance;
+use crate::linalg::basic::arrays::ArrayView1;
+use crate::numbers::basenum::Number;
+
+/// While comparing two integer-valued vectors of equal length, Hamming distance is the number of bit positions in which the two bits are different
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct Hamming<T: Number> {
+    _t: PhantomData<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Number> Hamming<T> {
+    /// instatiate the initial structure
+    pub fn new() -> Hamming<T> {
+        Hamming { _t: PhantomData }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Number> Default for Hamming<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Number, A: ArrayView1<T>> Distance<A> for Hamming<T> {
+    fn distance(&self, x: &A, y: &A) -> f64 {
+        if x.shape() != y.shape() {
+            panic!("Input vector sizes are different");
+        }
+
+        let dist: usize = x
+            .iterator(0)
+            .zip(y.iterator(0))
+            .map(|(a, b)| match a != b {
+                true => 1,
+                false => 0,
+            })
+            .sum();
+
+        dist as f64 / x.shape() as f64
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", wasm_bindgen_test::wasm_bindgen_test)]
+    #[test]
+    fn hamming_distance() {
+        let a = vec![1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1];
+        let b = vec![1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1];
+
+        let h: f64 = Hamming::new().distance(&a, &b);
+
+        assert!((h - 0.42857142).abs() < 1e-8);
+    }
+}